With the wide application of computer technology, human society has entered the information age, the oldest 鏈?agriculture as important to the human production activities, are bound by the digital technology wave. In the information environment, the "Digital Agriculture" concept came into being, and being more and more attention. The so-called digital agriculture (digital agriculture), is the digital technology is used, according to human needs objectives, targets involved in agriculture and the whole process of digitization and visualization of expression, design, control, management of agriculture. Digital Agriculture based on information technology, bio-engineering technology, automatic monitoring, agriculture and high-tech agricultural technology Dengyixilie above, an effort to maximize De Jiesheng resources, environmental protection and eco-Jun Heng Zhong Shi, Yi Zuishao the resources to pursue the largest Youzhi Xiaohaohuode Output of high efficiency, in order to maintain sustainable agricultural development. Digital Agriculture is thousands of years the great development of agricultural production will certainly have a profound impact on human society.
Overview of agriculture and foreign figures
At present, the developed countries represented by the United States in the field of agriculture has already achieved considerable number of high achievement. 50 years since the last century, the first use of computer research fodder, the United States agricultural information technology has 50 years of history, and its contents from the initial development of a simple calculation of agricultural science to the seventies and eighties of agricultural decision support and control, Since the nineties into the network era, to artificial intelligence, 3S technology relies on the number of agricultural, virtual agriculture, precision agriculture is developing rapidly. Digital technology has infiltrated into plants from the plant to the macro-economic analysis of all aspects of agriculture, agricultural output growth in the United States has made great contributions. Looking at the U.S. agricultural system, the following characteristics:
1. . Agricultural production of highly specialized, large-scale, enterprise
U.S. agricultural production is a multi-level specialization, which mainly specialized in the area, farm specialization, and specialization of production processes. The continental United States is divided into several major crop belt, the most suitable for each crop with a crop growth, the vast majority of farms produce only one crop, large-scale cultivation; while others only produce a crop farm a species, or only do one kind of crop breeding. Such local conditions, each has special, reached a specialization and scale well to form a specialized production, intensive management, enterprise management mode of modern industry.
2. . Improved agricultural production systems
Currently, the U.S. has become well developed before, during, and post-close convergence of the agricultural production system, including the production and supply of agricultural means of production, and post-harvest storage of agricultural products, transportation, processing and marketing sectors. They clear division of labor, effective collaboration, in the relevant legal system, the maintenance of agricultural under the orderly and efficient agricultural production.
3.. Agricultural education, research and promotion of the "Trinity"
U.S. agriculture is operated by the private sector, but government at all levels to actively support the development of agricultural science and technology, established characteristic of the "trinity" of agricultural education and scientific research and extension system, College of Agriculture also undertakes agricultural education, research and promotion of the three functions to promote teaching and research and closely integrated, to provide a strong technical agricultural development drive. Advantage of these features or are unrelated to digital form, information directly related to the.
Tomato production in the United States, for example, first by the University of lab breeding, the production company dedicated to ensure high quality seed sources. Followed by a series of pre-planting preparation, including the climate, soil, geography and environment of producing large-scale cultivation must choose the most suitable for planting with tomato growth. Some out of work after sowing, including soil moisture, nutrition, determination of degree, the corresponding irrigation and fertilization, while weeds and pests in the system are always under control, until the fruit begins to develop, light tomato cultivation system by the virtual computer the shape of the fruit growth model, size, color, taste and even the control of acidity, making the fruit in the whole area had a uniform and excellent quality. The process of harvesting the busy and important, decision-making by the expert system to determine the optimum picking time, after picking the fruits of mechanization automatically sorting and packing storage, classification have different standards, packaging storage containers are also as many as 78 kinds to The shelf life of fresh fruit to prevent microbial infection. If the pick directly after processing, the first classification of tomatoes to soak, rinse, and then peeled. Only way to have peeling steam peeling method, lye peeling method, infrared peeling method and other techniques, controlled by the computer system. After the tomato can be transported on the production line, made into canned food, pulp, juice, jam and so on, through the production and sales service system developed thousands of families put on the dinner table. The entire production process to ensure product quality while reducing the maximum cost of breeding, cultivation, harvesting, processing under computer control in an orderly and efficient conduct, can be said that digital production model.
Information on agricultural development in China relatively late, since the early 80s, the development of information technology, agriculture experienced a start, spread, development and phases, data processing of natural resources in agriculture, agricultural information management and extension services, agricultural planning and decision-making, real-time processing of agricultural production and control, artificial intelligence expert system development and application of research and construction of information network has made considerable progress, moving agriculture to information laid a good foundation.
Since entering the 21st century, the state of digital inputs to agriculture increased year by year. State "15" science and technology research program will focus on agricultural information and technological tasks as the first seven in 2003, Ministry of Science and released 863 "digital agricultural technology research and demonstration," the first major issue to apply the special guide, in the digital agricultural information collection technology research and product development, agriculture, forestry plant growth model and digital design technology, soil - plant system process model and digital design technology, digital agriculture precision production technology platform and applications, digital agriculture fine breeding technology platform and applications, digital Forestry establishment and application of technology, digital agricultural technology demonstration funding in seven aspects, in order to "precision agriculture", "virtual agriculture", "smart agriculture" and "network of agriculture," and so as a starting point to develop Digital Agriculture basic research.
Although construction of agricultural information have a certain foundation for the development, but still lag behind many developed countries, mainly: the weak agricultural information infrastructure, information technology and network development is uneven, increase urban and rural information gap; agricultural information the lack of a unified network construction coordination and planning; agricultural research and development has lagged far behind the software; achievements into practical application with the promotion of serious difficulties, low levels of industrialization, etc., digital agriculture is still a long way to go.
Number of agricultural development on some of our thinking
25 years of reform and opening up, China's industrialization and urbanization greatly enhanced, but the agriculture of this country the most basic part of society is relatively backward and development is slow, serious polarization of urban and rural people's living standards, agricultural policy, agricultural production and farmers income "Three Rural Issues" have become increasingly prominent, have restricted the construction of a harmonious society in China one of the bottlenecks. Party National Congress report: urban and rural economic development, modern agriculture, develop the rural economy and increase farmers income and well-off society is a major task. February 8, 2005, the Central again after a lapse of 18 years of agriculture and rural issues as a document by the central authorities on the 1st, the "three rural" issue as a top priority of the party's work. Shows that agriculture is essential, imperative of digital agriculture.
Agricultural digital process is to learn from Western countries, the essence of the number of agricultural development, but also China's national conditions, local conditions of play to their strengths. Comparison of U.S. agriculture, the United States land in small mountain plains, while less plain and more hilly country: the United States accounted for 3% of the agricultural population, while China's 2004 population of 75,705 million is still agriculture, 58.2% of the total population, and by significantly lower levels of education, U.S. agricultural production and operation of China's agricultural production is not necessarily suitable for the status quo of building a modern agricultural system is imperative. After 20 years of efforts, China's per capita resources in conditions of very poor farmers have been basically solved the food and clothing, but how to make farmers rich class, that placed great challenges before us, but we deal with the challenges of digital agriculture is strong weapons.
However, we must recognize that agricultural production by the largest rural population to participate, subject to the environment, climate, and policy systems, social and cultural, industrial development are closely related, is an open complex giant system. "Three rural" issue involves all aspects of society, not only by one or two high-tech can be completely resolved. In particular, thousands of years, farmers groups at the bottom of society has been "cheap wealthy farmers" can be described as deep-rooted idea, that social ideas do not change, the lowest level of peasant class status will not be reversed, the construction of a harmonious society will be therefore be hindered.
Natural and social sciences has always been a separate branch, the content and methods are very different, much less learn from each other between each other. But with the rapid development of the information age, science and humanities is the one that had been artificially separated the two areas began to cross-integration, social computing, information science, technology being used in social research, social scientific ideas are used to guide more rational application of science and technology, social sciences and natural sciences in fact the same nature in the different levels shown by the characteristics and laws of the deep connections between them. The construction of digital agriculture in China is bound from the analysis, reform of the agricultural system, establish agricultural laws and regulations, concern peasantry reluctant, contact other than agriculture industrial, financial Deng system Tiji the height of overall planning, rather than the traditional isolation of the development of agriculture digital technology, the development of agriculture is both a technical and a social problem. Fortunately, the re-integration of natural sciences and humanities, especially in social computing and other complex systems theories and methods have provided a theoretical basis for this and technical means.
Parallel system of crop planting prospects
Complex systems more seriously, and agriculture as an open complex giant system and its digital construction process will also in accordance with the laws of complex systems research and development. Complex system of social computing as one of the important theory, the construction of digital agriculture can provide a theoretical framework and technical support. Social Computing theory first proposed by the Professor Wang Feiyue, its central idea is artificial societies, computational experiments and parallel systems (Artificial Society, Computational Experiment and Parallel Systems, ACP) combination of theory.
The concept of artificial society known first by the U.S. think tank - the Rand Corporation suggested that it is relatively easy to manipulate using the manual system and duplicate the form, to seize the characteristics of complex systems, precise control of the various tests, their behavior and factors that influence the "quantitative" analysis and assessment. American scholars have used the principle of artificial smallpox attack on the community's social simulation, the results for the health authorities in response to virus attacks to provide basis for decision making; sociologists use Agent technology reviving ancient society of the United States House Valley, Arizona Gov. decline of the ancient Pubu Luo tribe and the reasons for migration, the protection of human ecology, social model of Sustainable Development of guiding significance. Half a century ago people began to use computer simulation, with the rapid increase computer performance and parallel computing, distributed computing, grid computing, the emergence of theory, computer simulation calculation of trial is up to the height, through the emergence of other methods, In this test platform of artificial society can repeat the experiment with different programs, evaluate the parametric factors alone or in the same time, complex systems. Parallel systems, refers to a natural reality of a system and the corresponding one or more virtual or ideal artificial system composed of a common system. Parallel system can be completed by the actual management and control systems, related behaviors and decisions on test and evaluation of the personnel and systems of learning and training and so on. Science and technology, the Chinese practice of scientific socialism and the model reference adaptive control, are all examples of parallel systems; in life, the ideals and role models we Cheng Zhang's Zuoyong Ye Du Ti Xianchu parallel systems thinking. Artificial societies, computational experiments and parallel systems (ACP) is an organism, artificial community to provide the test platform, together with the actual system composed of parallel systems, computational experiments for the artificial society of the establishment and operation of parallel systems to provide means and methods of test.
Artificial societies, computational experiments and parallel systems (ACP) is also applied to the digital agriculture will play its advantages, you can pre-assessment of agricultural policy on the management and control of agricultural production, agricultural technology and training of operators and so on. At present, the establishment of agricultural farming systems in parallel to realize the industrialization of agricultural production, standardization is extremely meaningful. The so-called Nong Ye parallel cultivation systems, is to the concept of parallel systems introduced into the crop Sheng Chan, Syndicated news crop cultivation Xue, calculating intelligence, Xuni reality and 3D Tuxiangjianmo Deng Duomenxueke Zhi Shi, Tong Guo virtual reality Zuo Wu Zhi Zhi Wu and carry out the interaction between crop control to large-scale standardization of plant growth, enabling the standardization of products, improve overall product quality, reduce picking, sorting and post-processing costs. Parallel to the implant system consists of two parts: on the virtual plant cultivation system and the real crop management system. Computer virtual implant system the main objective is to use computational intelligence methods (such as neural networks and fuzzy mathematics, etc.) and agent (Agent) technology, integration of crop cultivation and management mechanism and the law of three-dimensional visualization of crop growth modeling, crop management as a true reference model. In this model, each one (branch) roots, stems, leaves and flowers and fruit can be used as an Agent, such as a Leaf Agent is an autonomous function (photosynthesis, transpiration) of the agent, it is through the stem and exchange of information and other organs, provide energy, and are subject to environmental constraints, and its formation, development, maturity and a series of dynamic processes wilt can paste the rules and neural networks, computational intelligence methods to describe. Agent mutual support between the various constraints each other to form the whole plant life processes. On the other hand, the real crop cultivation and management system is a crop growth model for the corresponding group of large-scale crop growth control and management system, it seems the traditional plantation not very different, but there are substantial differences: in tomato example, all the plants are in the same virtual tomato plants as a reference model management goal is not only the fruits of the same shape, color, taste, but also to Meike highly similar morphology of tomato plants, such as fruit the number and location, etc.. With this management, the establishment of industrial production lines similar to planting, not only to improve the overall quality of agricultural products, but also greatly reduces the picking and classification, storage and marketing costs.
Parallel systems of agricultural cultivation to establish the existence of two key issues, namely, crop growth models with reasonable accuracy, only to establish the mechanism of crop growth model consistent with actual crop growth Caidui guidance, which requires the virtual and the real crop between crops interaction, virtual crops, this is a sample of the learning process, but the real growth process of plants are controlled, only by adopting appropriate methods to make the two similar Gao Xiao of the constant increase in the growth of crop's large-scale standardized ; Second, the real crop field management, it requires from the breeding, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest and disease prevention to the harvesting, processing, and a series of standardized processes, but also requires the ability to control the environment, such as humidity, temperature and so on.
Number of agricultural plants in the United States has emerged, but in line with our national conditions and the digital test agricultural production continues to progress, crop farming systems in parallel is clearly a valuable research direction.
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